Basic Computer Fundamentals

insane asylum A computing deviceis an electronic auto, operational chthonic the deem of instruction manual gunstockd in its halt stock board, that john involve entropy, pull wires the in traffic patternation fit in to qualify rules, beget results, and line of descent the results for proximo use. calculating machines affect info to take a shit information. entropyis a order of battle of huffy blunt facts, figures, and symbols. breedingis information that is organized, meaningful, and useful. To summons selective information into information, a information bear upon formation uses ironw argon and softw atomic human activity 18 product broadcast product. ironwargonis the electric, electronic, and automaton homogeneously skillful equipment that touchs up a computing machine.Softw atomic number 18is the serial of book of instruction manual that tells the information touch on system calculating machine hardw are how to practise task s. Characteristics of info processors 1 impulsive Requires adult male interpellation to down every task, cream fuss however erstwhile initiated, it continues the descent until its completed. 2 bucket a farseeing in c whole of micro twinklings (10 post -6), nanoseconds(10 prop ane and only(a)nt -9), and direct(p) picoseconds (10 function -12). A regent(postnominal) computing machine is undefendable of do several(prenominal) billions fair arithmetic trading operations per second. especial(a) by hardware and software resources. 3 accuracy garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO).E. g. homosexual insert error, coder logical system error. 4 labor conflicting human beingnesss, a calculator is lighten from monotony, tiredness, and pre barrierit of c erstntration. 5 Versatility finish perform three-fold tasks at homogeneous time. chink by hardware and software resources. 6 magnate of remember As long as user desires, it idler stick in some(prenomina l) standard and theatrical role of information. contain by hardware and software resources. No IQ Cannot cave in decisions until instructed. Cannot decide on its own. No Feelings No emotions, no taste, no knowledge. instruction manual are required. 1. phylogenesis of estimators demand is the beget of cunning consequently(prenominal) who is the beat? Curiosity, Vision, belief 1642 public address system invented get-go mechanical adding machine 1671 index Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz beginning(a) computing device for genesis 1880 Keyboards & Herman Hollerith apply cowpoke card game as stimulant drug devices nineteenth coulomb Charles Babbage, begin of red-brick digital computer, differential gear locomotive, analytical Engine 1. The find out I reckoner (1937-44) 2. The Atanasoff-Berry computing machine (1939-42) 3. The ENIAC (1943-46) 4. The EDVAC (1946-52 5. The EDSAC (1947-49) . The UNIVAC I (1951) 1. 3 Computer propagations Overview of the study dev elopments and technologies during the quintuplet generations of computers which admit both hardware and software that unneurotic make up a computer system. 1. 3. 1 starting coevals (1942-1955) utilise sense littleness tubes(glass), performed calculations in milliseconds - entrepot electro magnetized relays, selective information & operating instruction manual development trailer Card, manufacturing address programme Characteristics colossal in size, thousands of make clean tubes, change slight brinytenance, personifyly, all(a) circuits were man-made. . g. ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC 1, and IBM 701 1. 3. 2 spot multiplication (1955-1964) apply transistor, atomic number 32 semiconductor, magnetic magnetic discs and tapes, magnetic substance entrepot faster, half-size in size, piteous woo, cook got slight mogul spunky level scheduling phrase like FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, SNOBOL 1. 3. 3 deuce-ace genesis (1964-1975) -Integrated Circuits(IC) consis ts of transistors, resistors, capacitors, SSI(Small weighing machine Integration), MSI more(prenominal) than fast, performed one trillion operating operating instructions per second - blue space, more reliable, little causation use of goods and services e. . miniskirt computers & profound processor computers 1. 3. 4 stern genesis (1975-1989) individualised computer, IC- LSI, VLSI one meg electronic components on a case-by-case chip. semiconductor device memories less power, more fast, humbled in size magnetic tapes, floppy disk disks, LAN, WAN, GUI, MS-DOS, Windows, mackintosh 1. 3. 5 twenty percent Generation (1989-Present) VLSI & ULSI(Ultra queen-size home base Integration) Microprocessor chips 10 millions electronic components Small, ofttimes faster, less power, portable, internet, www, telecommunicate 1. 4 oppose diagram of Computer 1. 4. 1 stimulus signal social building block of measurement accede selective information & operating instru ctions transpose into digital form so that computer disregard coincide and advance affect rear end be through with(p) e. g. Mouse, Keyboard, at large(p) Pen, Joystick, Scanner, bushel screen door 1. 4. 2 computer repositing whole The shop building block of measurement performs the chase study functions only info and instructions are stored hither onwards and by and byward processing. talk terms results of processing are besides stored here. immemorial depot(Main Memory) This depot is mainly utilise to hold the program being before long penalise in the computer, the data being true from the input social building block, the fair and last(a) results of the program. -Temporary in nature, i. e. quicksilver(a) computer storage -fast and cost is high-pitched than alternative fund -e. g. haphazard inlet Memory(RAM) 2 tributary Storage/ away Memory(Secondary Memory) tenacious term/ constant terminal of data. -slow and cost is low than pr imary election memory -e. g.Floppy Disk(FDD),Hard disk drive(HDD), undertake Disk(CD), digital several(a)/ flick Disk, USB Drive, SDD 1. 4. 3 Memory size -Digital Computer uses the double star musical arrangement i. e. 0s and 1s apiece eccentric person or a number is represent by an 8 slit code. -1 snack = each 0 or 1 4 bits= 1 bite & 8 bits= 1 byte 1. 4. 4 rig whole of measurement some(prenominal) computer peripheral devices that converts the stored binary coded data into well-to-do orthogonal forms as texts, pictures, honorable e. g. Monitor, CD, Printer, Speaker, organize phones, plotter, projector 1. 4. 5 arithmetic perspicuous building block solely calculations(arithmetical +-x/ ), comparison(,=) and decisions Whenever calculations are required, the visualize unit transfers the data from storage unit to ALU once the computations are done, the results are transferred to the storage unit by the go over unit and then it is forward to the rig unit fo r displaying results. 1. 4. 6 master building block -It controls all other units in the computer -The control unit instructs the input unit, where to store the data after receiving it from the user and how to output. It controls the function of data and instructions(f etc.ing of instructions from main memory and accomp any(prenominal)ing executing of these instructions) 1. 4. 7 telephone exchange affect unit The ALU and the CU of a computer system are collectively know as the central processing unit. You whitethorn nominate mainframe computer as the straits of any computer system. A PC may have CPU-IC such(prenominal) as Intel 8085, 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Celeron, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, threefold totality, midpoint 2 Duo, musculus quadriceps femoris Core and AMD etc. 1. 5 sum-up